Malware can steal data, spy on users, and paralyze entire systems. What threats does it pose and how can you defend against them?

What is malware?

Malware is a term for malicious software created to damage devices, steal data, or otherwise disrupt their operation. It covers a wide range of threats, including viruses, trojans, ransomware, and spyware, which can spread in various ways. Regardless of how malware gets into a device, its goal is always to compromise security and take control of the system for the attacker’s benefit.

The evolution of malware

In the early days, when computers were just entering everyday life, the first viruses and worms were more innocent experiments than real threats. Back then, malicious programs were not driven by financial gain, but rather by the desire to prove such things were possible. Malware was essentially a cyber prank.

As the internet grew and technological infrastructure developed in complexity, new, darker motivations emerged. Malware began to be used for extortion, such as ransomware that encrypted data and demanded a ransom. This shift marked a transition from a harmless plaything to a sophisticated tool of cybercrime.

Types of malware

Digital threats can take many forms, but their intention is always the same: to cause harm. Viruses replicate themselves and attach to legitimate software, which can lead to data damage or system slowdowns. Worms spread autonomously, exploit network vulnerabilities, and do not need host files. Trojans, seemingly harmless programs, hide their true nature and, once installed, let attackers gain access to the victim’s system.

Ransomware encrypts valuable data and extorts the victim for a ransom, threatening permanent data loss if the demanded amount is not paid. Spyware quietly collects sensitive information, such as login credentials or banking details, and sends it to third parties—often for sale on the black market. Adware is unwanted software that not only bombards users with intrusive ads, often via pop-ups, but also tracks their online behavior.

Rootkits are sophisticated tools that grant attackers illicit administrator-level access to a system while hiding to evade detection. Keyloggers are dangerous programs that record every keystroke without the user’s knowledge, allowing perpetrators to obtain sensitive data like passwords and personal information. Botnets—networks of infected computers controlled by attackers—can be used for large-scale attacks such as DDoS, malware distribution, or spam campaigns.

A backdoor is a hidden channel that allows attackers to bypass standard authentication methods and gain unauthorized access to a system. This type of malware can be installed by an attacker or be embedded as an invisible feature in the original software, making detection extremely difficult. A dropper is a malicious program that brings additional malware threats into the system. It is usually disguised as a legitimate application or bundled with other malware, which makes it harder to detect. Scareware is fraudulent software posing as a security tool that warns about fake threats to trick users into purchasing non-existent services or software.

How to spot malware early?

When a device starts behaving oddly, it may be an early warning sign that malware is lurking inside. Unexpected system slowdowns, redirects to unknown websites, pop-up ads, or sudden increases in data or battery usage are common symptoms of infection. Sometimes malware is subtler, for example by sending sensitive information to a remote server without the user noticing. If unknown apps appear on your home screen that you didn’t install, or your security software reports suspicious activity, it’s time to act and run a thorough system check.

Sneaky ways malware gets into your system

Malicious software doesn’t usually force its way in; it relies on deception and human carelessness. Sometimes it arrives in an innocent-looking email whose attachment contains a malicious script that activates upon opening. Other times it hides on fraudulent websites that mimic trusted platforms—one click is enough for malware to find its way onto your device.

Another common tactic is disguising itself as legitimate software. Users unknowingly download a fake update for a popular app or antivirus program, letting a threat into their system. Malware can also sneak in via infected ads.

Once malware settles in, it tries to stay hidden. Some variants immediately bury themselves in system files and quietly monitor user activity. Others mutate their code to evade security software detection.

How to clean malware from your phone: Step by step

If your mobile phone has started behaving strangely—slowing down, showing unexpected pop-ups, or displaying unknown apps—malware may be operating in the background. Removing it isn’t always easy, because some types are designed to hinder detection and removal. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to clean your phone and restore security.

Switch to safe mode

The first step is to put the device into safe mode. This mode stops all third-party apps, letting you more safely investigate which ones are causing problems. In safe mode, the phone runs only essential systems, so any malicious software that might be running in the background is halted.

Remove all suspicious apps

Next, review all installed apps and uninstall those that are unknown or suspicious. Some apps may masquerade as legitimate while containing hidden malware. If you installed apps from unverified sources, it’s strongly recommended to remove them.

Install an antivirus app

Then run a scan with a reliable antivirus tool. If you don’t have antivirus protection yet, it’s time to get one. We recommend apps that provide not only one-time scans but also ongoing protection for your mobile device. Once the scan is complete, the antivirus should remove any malware and report detected threats.

Review app permissions

Not all apps behave as they should. Some may secretly access your camera, microphone, or location without your knowledge. Open your settings to see which apps have access to sensitive device features. If an app requests permissions that don’t match its purpose, restrict it or uninstall it.

Update

Regular updates aren’t just about new features—they primarily protect against new threats. When your phone offers an update, don’t delay. Every operating system or app update brings fixes that can repel potential malware attacks. Go to system updates in settings and make sure you have all patches your device needs to stay protected against security flaws.

Factory reset your phone

If everything else seems to fail, you can go back to basics. A factory reset is like a fresh start for your device: it wipes anything suspicious and returns the phone to its original state. Be sure to carefully back up any data you want to keep beforehand, as this step removes all apps and files.

Practice prevention

To avoid future problems, follow safe habits. Install apps only from official stores, steer clear of unknown websites, and download only what you truly need. Don’t forget regular checks—updates are essential. The more you protect your phone, the less chance you give malware and unwanted attacks.

Conclusion

In today’s digital age, it’s important to stay alert to invisible threats lurking around every corner. Malware can cause immense damage to personal data, privacy, and even the overall functioning of your devices. Prevention is key—regular updates, strong antivirus protection, and caution when downloading apps. Invest time in protecting your devices and data to stay one step ahead.

Frequently asked questions

How does malware get into my phone?

Malware can arrive via dangerous email attachments, infected websites, or by downloading apps from unverified sources. Make sure you only download apps from official stores.

How can I protect myself from malware in the future?

Install apps only from official stores, avoid unknown websites, and update software regularly. Antivirus protection and regular device checks will help protect you from future threats.

Is it safe to use public Wi-Fi networks?

Public Wi-Fi networks can be risky if they aren’t encrypted. Attackers can eavesdrop on transmitted data or create a fake network that mimics a legitimate hotspot. If you must connect to public Wi-Fi, use a VPN to encrypt your communications.

Useful links:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware
2. https://www.malwarebytes.com/malware
3. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/malware